Reporting on Equity Evaluation of major airlines in the industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3579 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This report is based on the equity evaluation of an airline Ryanair which is a European leading low fare Airline belongs to Ireland with its headquarter in Dublin. One of its biggest operational bases is at London Stansted Airport in UK. It is one of the key players with in the market, and perhaps the most profitable air line. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reporting on Equity Evaluation of major airlines in the industry" essay for you Create order Ryanair is Worlds favourite airline that operates in 41 bases and more than 1100 low fare routes across 26 countries and connecting 153 destinations. Ryanair has fleet of 232 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft with orders of additional 82 new aircraft that are expected to deliver over the next 2.5 years. Ryanair currently has employees of more than 7,000 and carry approximately 73 million passengers in the fiscal year 2010/11. Business Environment Every business has to set its own characteristics and profiles their competitors. For this every business establish its own unique mission and vision statements and the key objectives in order to satisfy their goals. Moreover, they usually set their mission, vision and objectives to serve the society as well as benefitting the community throughout their business cycle. When we talk about the airlines, the determination of the demands, preferences and taste of people is still valid. The suggestions of every people around the organization are also essential to create a just and comprehensive strategy. Mission of Ryanair It is the main mission of every airline to deliver the safety of their passenger, but how did the Ryanair attract the tourists and other individuals to travel is because of their undertaking to make air travel inexpensive, simple, convenient form of transportation in the world. The idea of low cost airlines are based on the probably demands of the people to fly more often when it is inexpensive or affordable to fly by aeroplane. Ryanair is the most suggested airlines when it comes to low- cost marketing. Vision Ryanair has a vision of a world where the fare could lower to reduce rates to bring the steady traffic of business people and tourists to their region. Its concept is not new in every airlines and their vision only underpins their mission. The broader vision in building an effective business and push on the tourism is more applicable (2003). Its a major challenge for the Ryanair to sustain their mission and yet with accordance of their vision in promoting tourism. Corporate Strategy Ryanairs objective is to maintain itself as the leading European low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued implementation of cost reductions, operating efficiencies and offerings of its low fares service. Ryanair objective is to offer low fares that create increased passenger traffic while continuously focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies. The key essentials of Ryanairs strategy include the following Low Operating Costs Safety and Quality Maintenance Development of Operating Results through Ancillary Services Focused Criteria for Growth Taking Advantage of the Internet Porter Generic Strategy Ryanair focuses on the cost cutting strategy according to the porters generic strategy model to position itself in the marketplace. Cost leadership strategy is based upon business organizing and controls its value-adding activities to be the lowest cost producer of a product with an industry. The company provides the reduced cost of fare than its competitors in the airline. On the other hand Ryanair has also become focuser as it is concentrated on an narrow customer segment that consist of Irish and UK business people who could not afford to fly major airlines. Nature of Industry with Reference to Strategic Grouping Ryanair is competing in high competitive environment where the competitors are competing to pull market share from their rivals. One of the reason for high competitive rivalry is boom of travel industry and also the European Union regulations. These regulations are intended to improve quality and prices of airline industry. If we consider the last decade we come to know that the air travel grew by 7% per year. Both business and leisure purposes travel grew worldwide. The scheduled airlines have carried more than 1.5 billion passengers last year. In case of the leisure market, the availability of large aircraft like Boeing 747 has made it suitable and reasonable for people to travel further to new and exotic destinations. Developing countries governments realized the benefits of tourism to their national economies and urged the development of resorts and infrastructure to allure tourists from the prosperous countries in Western Europe and North America. As the economies of develo ping countries are growing, their own citizens are becoming the new international tourists of the future. Strategic Grouping of European Airline Industry Price/ Quality Limited Market Coverage Local Area 1. Train Up Market 1. British Airways 2. American Airways 3. Lufthansa Discounter 1. Ryanair 2. Easy Jet Big 4 Virgin Atlantic According to this classification the Ryanair comes in the low cost segment or discounters. Airline Industry Life Cycle Same like living creatures, industry also has its circle of life. The stages of industry lifecycle include fragmentation, shake out, maturity an decline (Kotler 2003).The industry life cycle can be represented by having a look of the following figure: Product (Industry) Life Cycle Stages The first countries in Europe to grip air transport were France, Germany and the Netherlands. In 1919 KLM was established, still the oldest carrier. The first flight was from London to Schiphol, Amsterdam transported two English people in 1920. Major European airlines of the time like KLMs initial growth mainly depended to service routes with far-flung colonial possessions (Dutch Indies).The loss of the Dutch Empire was the only reason that KLM found itself based at a small country with small potential passengers, which relying mostly on transfer traffic, and was first to introduce the hub-system to assist easy connections. France started an airmail service to Morocco in 1919 which was sold i n 1927, renamed Aeropostale, and with more capital invested become a major international carrier. Aeropostale went bankrupt in 1933. It became nationalized and merged with many other airlines to become Air France. In 1926 the German airline industry started with Lufthansa and became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, founding Varig and Avianca. Junkers, Dornier, and Fokker built the most advanced German airlines in the world at the time. German air travel got peak in the mid-1930s, when Nazi propaganda ministers approved the launch of commercial zeppelin service, the big airships but it was fact that they used flammable hydrogen gas which raised safety concerns that terminated with the Hindenburg disaster of 1937. Imperial Airways was United Kingdoms flag carrier which became BOAC (British Overseas Airlines Co.) in 1939. Imperial Airways made use of huge Handley-Page biplanes for routes between London, Middle East and India. Imperial aircrafts image in the middle of the Rubal Khali was being maintained by Bedouins and was among the most famous pictures from the heyday of the British Empire The deregulation of the European Union airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on structure of the industry there. The shift towards budget airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such asÂÂ  EasyJetÂÂ  andÂÂ  RyanairÂÂ  got growth at the expense of the traditional national airlines. The trend has been there for these national airlines themselves to be privatized such as have occurred forÂÂ  AerLingusÂÂ  andÂÂ  British Airways. Other national airlines, including ItalysÂÂ  Alitalia, have faced chiefly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008. Industry Profitability In View of Porter 5 Forces Model From a strategic management perspective it is useful for organisations to understand the competitive forces in their industry or sector since these will conclude the prettiness of that industry and the likely success and failure of particular organisations within it. The porter five core elements/forces are: Competitive Rivalry Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes The Bargaining power of buyer The Bargaining power of suppliers Porters Five Forces Model Rivalry among Existing Competitors (Intense Rivalry) There is very tough competition among the competitors of European airline industry especially that lie in the same tier such as Easy Jet, Ryanair and Aer Lingus. The services level is same for all players in the third quadrant are the same with either low or no differentiation. The market in which the Ryanair is operating is saturated with Ryanair is holding the biggest chunk of customers and is the dominating player. Threat of Entrant (Low) Threat of new entrant is low because it requires quite high capital investment to enter in this industry. It is also hard to find suitable airports. Even with capital investment it is very hard for new entrants to challenge incumbent players like Ryanair that has experience of years and solid name in the market. Threat of Substitutes (High) Threat of substitutes for a short haul airline can be in the form of land travels and if we talk about indirect substitutes then it is video conferencing which may reduce the need for air travel. The most important point to mention here is that in both of the above mentioned cases there is no switching cost for the customers so they will not feel any hesitation to choose in between these. Bargaining Power of Buyers (High) Bargaining power of buyers is high as people are well informed of prices and deals via different resources and internet is one of them. Now most of airlines they are trying to reach this market segment where they can acquire more market share by providing lowest fares. The customers are price sensitive and they will switch to any other airline which will give them lowest fares. Bargaining power of Suppliers (High) The supplier power is medium to high, because the airplane providers are the ones with good amount of power in their hand while ancillary suppliers being the ones with low power hence balancing out the supplier power of the industry. Regulators and airport authorities have medium power and this has been balanced out by more use of regional airports rather than the main or national airports. Competitive Strategy and Three Generic Strategies Ryanair has been following mix cost based focus strategies according to competitive strategies. Cutting costs have been focused and Ryanair is delivering this benefit to their customers. The company not only focuses on techniques that save them money rather it is implemented in their system from top to bottom everywhere. Segmentation Strategy Differentiation Strategy Cost Leadership Narrow Market Scope Broad Market Scope Uniqueness Competency Low Cost Comptency Forecast of the Performance of the Firm of Choice Common Size Statements Balance Sheet 2004-2005 2004 CS 2004 2005 CS 2005 Fixes Assets Intangible Assets 44499 2% 30449 1% Tangible Assets 1576526 54% 2092283 55% Total Fixed Assets 1621025 55% 2122732 56% Current Assets Cash Liquid Resources 1257350 43% 1613643 42% Accounts Recievable 14932 1% 20644 1% Other Assets 19251 1% 24612 1% Inventories 26440 1% 28069 1% Total Current Assets 1317973 45% 1686968 44% Total Assets 2938998 100% 3809700 100% Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 67936 2% 92118 2% Accrued Expenses Other Liabilities 338208 12% 436187 11% Current Maturities of Long Term Debts 80337 3% 120997 3% Short term Borrowings 345 0% 7938 0% Total Current Liabilities 486826 17% 657240 17% Non Current Liabilities Provisions for Liabilities and Charges 94192 3% 112745 3% Other Cre ditors 30047 1% 18444 0% Long Term Debts 872645 30% 1293860 34% Total Other Liabilities 996884 34% 1425049 37% Shareholders funds equity Called Up Share capital 9643 0% 9675 0% Share Premium account 560406 19% 565756 15% Profit Loss account 885239 30% 1511980 40% Share Holders equity 1455288 50% 1727411 45% Total libilities Shareholders equity 2938998 100% 3809700 100% Balance Sheet 2006-2009 2006 CS 2006 2007 CS 2007 2008 CS 2008 2009 CS 2009 Non Current Assets Property Plant Equipment 2532988 55% 2884053 51% 3582126 57% 3644824 57% Intangible assets 46841 1% 46841 1% 46841 1% 46841 1% Available For Sale Financial Assets 406075 7% 311462 5% 93150 1% Derivative Financial Instruments 763 0% 59970 1% Total Non-Current Assets 2580592 56% 336969 6% 3940429 62% 3940429 62% Current Assets Inventories 3422 0% 2420 0% 1997 0% 2075 0% Other Assets 29453 1% 77707 1% 169580 3% 91053 1% Current Tax 1585 0% Trade Receivables 29909 1% 23412 0% 34178 1% 41791 1% Derivative Financial Instruments 18872 0% 52736 1% 10228 0% 129962 2% Restricted Cash 204040 4% 258808 5% 292431 5% 291601 5% Financial Ass ets Cash 3 months 328927 7% 592774 10% 406247 6% 403401 6% Cash Cash Equivalents 1439004 31% 1346419 24% 1470849 23% 1583194 25% Total Current Assets 2053627 44% 2354276 41% 2387122 38% 2543077 40% Total Assets 4634219 100% 5691245 100% 6327551 100% 6387862 100% Current Liabilities Trade Payables 79283 2% 54801 1% 129289 2% 132971 2% Accrued Expenses Other Liabilities 570614 12% 807136 14% 919349 15% 905715 14% Current Maturities of Debt 153311 3% 178918 3% 366801 6% 202941 3% Derivative Financial Instruments 27417 1% 56053 1% 141711 2% 137439 2% Current Tax 15247 0% 20822 0% 425 0% Total Current Liabilities 845872 18% 1117730 20% 1557150 25% 1379191 22% Non Current Liabilities Provisions 16772 0% 28719 1% 44810 1% 71964 1% Derivative Financial Instruments 81897 2% 58666 1% 75685 1% 54074 1% Deferred Income Tax Liability 127260 3% 151032 3% 148088 2% 155524 2% Other creditors 46066 1% 112177 2% 99930 2% 106549 2% Non Current Maturities of Debt 1524417 33% 1683148 30% 1899694 30% 2195499 34% Total Non Current Liabilities 1796362 39% 2033742 36% 2268207 36% 2583610 40% Shareholders funds equity Issued Share Capital 9790 0% 9822 0% 9465 0% 9354 0% Share Premium Account 596231 13% 607433 11% 615815 10% 617426 10% Cash Redemption Reserve 378 0% 493 0% Retained Earnings 1467623 32% 1905211 33% 2000422 32% 1777727 28% Other Reserves -81659 -2% 17307 0% -123886 -2% 20061 0% Share Holders equity 1991985 43% 25397 73 45% 2502194 40% 2425061 38% Total liabilities Shareholders equity 4634219 100% 5691245 100% 6327551 100% 6387862 100% Income Statement 2004-2006 2004 CS 2004 2005 CS 2005 2006 CS 2006 Operating Revenue Scheduled Revenues 924566 1128116 1433377 Ancilinary revenues 149658 208470 259153 Total Operating revenues 1074224 1336586 1692530 Operating Expenses Staff Costs -123624 -12% -140997 -11% -171412 -10% Depreciation Amortization -101391 -9% -98703 -7% -124405 -7% Fuel Oil -462466 -27% Maintenance, Materials Repairs -37417 -2% Marketing Distribution Costs -13912 -1% Aircraft Rentals -47376 -3% Route Charges -164577 -10% Airport Handling Charges -216301 -13% Other Operating Expenses -597922 -56% -767397 -57% -79618 -5% Total operating Expenses Excluding Good Will -822937 -77% -1007097 -75% -1317484 -78% Operating Profit 251287 23% 329489 25% 375046 22% Amortization of Goodwill -2342 0% -2125 0% Operating profit 248945 23% 327364 24% Other expenses Foreign Ex change Loss/Gain 3217 0% -2323 0% -1234 0% Gain/Loss on Disposal of Assets -9 0% 47 0% 815 0% Interest Receivable Similar Income 23891 2% 28342 2% 38219 2% Interest Payable Similar Charge -47564 -4% -57499 -4% -73958 -4% Total Other Expenses -20465 -2% -31433 -2% -36158 -2% Profit on Ordinary Activities before Tax 228480 21% 295931 22% 338888 20% Tax On Profit On Ordinary activities -21869 -2% -29190 -2% -32176 -2% Profit/Loss For The Financial Year 206611 19% 266741 20% 306712 18% Income Statement 2007-2009 2007 CS 2007 2008 CS 2008 2009 CS 2009 Operating Revenue Scheduled Revenues 1874791 225692 2343868 Ancilinary revenues 362104 488130 598097 Total Operating revenues 2236895 2713822 2941965 Operating Expenses Staff Costs -226580 -10% -285343 -11% -309296 -11% Depreciation Amortization -143503 -6% -175949 -6% -256117 -9% Fuel Oil -693331 -31% -791327 -29% -1257062 -43% Maintenance, Materials Repairs -42046 -2% -56709 -2% -66811 -2% Marketing Distribution Costs -23795 -1% -17168 -1% -12753 0% Aircraft Rentals -58183 -3% -72670 -3% -78209 -3% Route Charges -199240 -9% -259280 -10% -286559 -10% Airport Handling Charges -273613 -12% -396326 -15% -443387 -15% Other Operating Expenses -104859 -5% -121970 -4% -139140 -5% Total operating Expenses Excluding Good Will -1765150 -79% -2176742 -80% -2849334 -97 % Operating Profit 471745 21% 537080 20% 92631 3% Amortization of Goodwill Operating profit Other expenses Foreign Exchange Loss/Gain -906 0% -5606 0% 4441 0% Gain/Loss on Disposal of Assets 91 0% 12153 0% Interest Receivable Similar Income 62983 3% 83957 3% 75552 3% Interest Payable Similar Charge -82876 -4% -97088 -4% -130544 -4% Total Other Expenses -208708 -9% -98153 -4% 273118 9% Profit on Ordinary Activities before Tax 451037 20% 438927 16% -180487 -6% Tax On Profit On Ordinary activities -15437 -1% -48219 -2% 11314 0% Profit/Loss For The Financial Year 435600 19% 390708 14% -169173 -6% Appropriate Absolute Valuation Models Dividend Discount Model A dividend discount model is a financial model that values shares at the discounted value of future dividend payments. A share is worth the present value of all future dividends. As the values shares on the actual cash flows received by investors, it is theoretically the most correct valuation model. Dividend Discount Valuation A dividend discount model would specifically be a discounted cash flow (DCF) that uses dividend forecasts over several stages. If it is a case that there are any dividends which have been announced but the share has not yet gone ex- dividend for that then these are recognized amounts in the near future and it does not require forecasts. It is possibility for forecasts that based on detailed financial modelsÂÂ  for the near future. Beyond that the forecasts are based on less detailed models (e.g. assuming a slow reduction in profit growth and a fix payout ratios may be used Assume a fixed growth rate beyond some point (e.g. after five or ten years) provides a terminal valueÂÂ  to be intended at that point If you sum up the interest series we get, This p is then adjusted by various factors e.g the size of company Where k is expected return which is equal =yield + expected growth. Where D1= D0 (1+g) Then P0 = D1/k-g Free Cash Flow Approach Free cash flow (FCF) determines how much money a company gets after take away maintenance Capex. It is significant because it provides valuation of the existing business without harder to measure value of investment in growth and new ventures. The last should be value more than the money that is being invested in them. The free cash flow would be resulted same what the dividends would be when a company decided to pay out as much as it could in dividends exclusive of either running down its operations or rising debt. Free cash flow (FCF) is often used in discounted cash flow valuations. Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) A free cash flow to firm is a measure of financial performance which indicates the net amount of cash generated for the firm, consisting of expenses, taxes and changes in net working capital and investments. Free cash flow (FCF) is calculated using the formula FCFF = NI + NCC + Int(1-T) FCinv Wcinv A positive value depicts that the firm has left with cash after expenses. A negative value represents that the firm has not made enough revenue to cover its investment actions and its costs. In this situation, an investor should look deeper to assess why it is happening. It would be either the major investment activities or company is facing deeper problems. Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) This is the measure of how much cash can be paid to the equity shareholders of the company after expenditures, reinvestment, and debt repayment. The cash flow to equity is calculated by using this formula: FCFE =ÂÂ  NetÂÂ  Income Net Capital Expenditure Change in Net Working Capital + New Debt Debt Repayment. FCFE= NI Int(1-t) + net borrowings This alternative valuation method gained popularity as the dividend discount models usefulness became increasingly questionable. Residual Income A residual income model use to values securities using a combination of book value of the company (i.e. its NAV), and a present value based on accounting profits. The value of the company is the sum of 1) the NAV at valuation time and 2) the residual income present value: profits are expected to surpass the required rate of return on equity. The residual return is calculated as: (R-r) * B where B = NAV R = the return on accounting profits and owners equity r = required rate of return on equity. It can also be expressed as net proft- (r*B) The importance of the extra profit in excess of the required rate of return is measure of the wealth that the company creates for shareholders. The company sums to the value of its assets and justifies a company being value greater than the value of its assets. The value of a company therefore should be the sum of this and its assets. The NAV will differ from year to year affects the computation of the returns. The change in the net profit minus dividends and other returns to shareholders, plus capital increased. Valuation on wealth creation is abstractly similar to EVA. The Residual income models are suited to securities valuation where EVA is principally useful to management. The residual income models advantage is that it is based on accounting measures of profit and value of assets. The main objection of residual income is that as it is relied on accounting numbers which often fail to imitate the true economic value of assets and cash flows. Asset Based Models Asset- based models compute the value of a firm as the sum of the market values for the individual components of the firm, less the market value of the liabilities. This can be expressed as: Value of firm= Market value of assets- Market value of liabilities Asset based models are useful to estimate minimum value. They are easy to use and understand. Moreover they are also useful for comparing firms of similar size and nature. The disadvantage is that the book value is an asset based model is based on historical cost. The firms value is largely derived from its assets, whose value is dependent on management choice of accounting principles. Asset based models ignore future growth potential of the firm. Actual Valuation Reporting The value of the firm is calculated using the following models The Value of Firm Using Dividend Discount Model We cant apply the dividend discount model as Ryanair has never given dividends till yet but there are plans to give dividends from 2013 onwards. The Value of Firm Using Dividend Discount Model We will calculate the free cash flow to firm using the formula: Free cash flow to firm (FCFF) = Net Income + Amortization Changes in Working Capital -Capital Expenditure Where, Change in working capital = Cash + Accounts Receivable + Inventory Accounts Payable Accrued Liability Capital Expenditure = (Changes in assets current year previous year) (Changes in Liability current year previous year) Note: The values have been taken from the income statement and balance sheet of Ryanair available at: https://www.ryanair.com/en/investor/investor-relations-news Changes in Working Capital = 588374 Capital Expenditure = -77133 Free Cash Flow to Firm = 424297000 Value of Firm Using FCFF = Free cash flow from firm / WACC Beta Value Ryanair = 1.03 Cost of equity = (Market Risk Premium * Equity Beta) + Risk Free Rate Where, Market Risk Premium = Expected Rate of return Risk Free Rate Risk Free Rate UK 2009 = 4.55% Expected Rate of Return = 9.99% Cost of Equity = 10.15% Cost of Debt = 5.6% Ryanair Tax rate = 11% WACC = 15% Value of Firm Using FCFF = Free cash flow from firm / WACC = 2803008000 Euros The value of Firm using Free Cash Flow to Equity Model Free Cash Flow to Equity = FCFF + Net Borrowings Interest (1-t) Free Cash Flow to Equity = 301189 Euros Value of Firm Using Cash Flow to Equity = FCFE/Ke where Ke is cost of equity. Note: FCFE is calculated in excel (excel file attached) Value of Firm Using Free Cash Flow to Equity = 2967379000 Euros 4.0 Value of Firm using Residual Income Residual Income= NI (Net Income) (Cost of Equity* Value of Equity) Residual Income= -415317000 Note: Value of firm using residual income cant be calculated as the company does not provide dividends as we need to have value of g for calculating firms value. 5.0 Value of Firm Using Asset Based Model Asset based model for finding value of firm are used when the firm possess the natural resources like oil, gas, etc. As Ryanair does not possess any sort of natural resources, so we cant use this model to find the value of the firm.

The Frontline Episode When Kids Get Life - 923 Words

The Frontline episode â€Å"When Kids Get Life† serves as a reminder for how the criminal justice system sometimes drops the proverbial ball when it comes to juveniles. Time after time, situations arise and are brought to the attention of the Department of Social Services. Whether they are overlooked or lost somehow, they are deprived of the help they need. The system fails children who are crying for help, and the results are sometimes fatal. Circumstances lead to the loss of life, not only for the victims, but also for the delinquents who saw no other way out. In other cases, the group mentality of juveniles equates to the responsibility of all members for a crime committed by one person. Considering the behaviors of an adolescent in the same manner as that of an adult is unfair. Juvenile brains are still developing, which means that they perform differently than adult brains (AACAP). 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Understand Children and Young Peoples Self Directed Play free essay sample

Freely chosen, self directed play. Refer back to assignment 1. The play cycle A play cycle begins in the pre conscious thoughts of the child, it is at the point of daydream where the playful impulse is created and given out as the play cue. Once this cue is taken up by a responding partner the play cycle begins. The metalude signals the start of the play process and while it supports a single play thought in the Childs consciousness it can change in seconds to become another playful thoughts or an extended version of its original self. The play cue can be given out in many ways, facial expressions, eyes contact, body language or simply through using materials I. e. a ball or a colouring pencil. Looking back through my reflective diary I noticed a very clear cue I had received, it was very clear and understandable a child simply kicked a ball in my direction and gave me clear eye contact so naturally I kicked it back in seconds we were a having a football match and within minutes other children were coming over to join so I stepped back and facilitated. The play cue is followed by the play return example; kicking the ball back. which can come from another person, the environment or from the child playing. Then comes the Play frame, the process or space that is created by cues and returns. Its a boundary that keeps the play intact. It begins with the childs play drive and includes all that allows play to continue. It may be as big as a football pitch or as small as a chessboard and the two people playing. As a play worker you can be inside or outside of the frame depending on the level of the play workers involvement.Play Cycle, the full flow of play from the first play cue to the return and the further development of play- with more cues and returns until the play is complete. Play Annihilation: The end of the play frame. Children take what they want from the activity and then it is finished. A play worker can cause play annihilation if they intervene inappropriately in childrens play. In my setting when it is tea time we have 5 minutes which means they finish what they are doing and then wash hands ready for tea, this way play annihilation is not done by the play worker and children can finish play how they want to.Play space A child’s play space is any area that supports and enriches the potential for children and young people in self directed play. Children and young people should have a variety of play spaces which stimulate them in different ways e. g. : an outdoor play space for physical stimulation and to encourage a healthy active lifestyle, story corner for cognitive stimulation, it has been proven that stories and rhymes help to improve memory and concentration skills.Books and rhymes also help to develop children’s imaginations, but more importantly stories can help children understand and discuss their own feelings which could otherwise be left unheard. All play spaces should be welcoming and varied with different resources, with sufficient quantities so that children and young people do not have to wait to participate and have opportunities for social interaction with both children and play workers . My setting has a variety of play spaces associable to all children and young people for all different needs.All children have the choice to help us to create new play new spaces of to freely choose there own play space which they will do naturally. All resources are accessible for all children and young people which enables all children play to continue un interrupted giving them freedom of more choice and to explore there own chosen activities in there own way and time. Loose parts The theory of loose parts over the last 40 years become increasingly known and used by play workers and play space designers. It was first suggested in 1971 by an architect called Simon Nicholson.He believed that loose parts in our environment empowere d our creativity. According to the Oxfordshire play association loose parts are items and materials that children and young people can move, adapt, control and manipulate within their play. Loose parts provide a high level of creativity and choice as there are endless possibilities for how they can be played with. In my setting yesterday the children used loose parts such as cardboard boxes, bottle tops and shiny paper to make a robot, the robot then became a bus and later a child’s hideout.Simon Nichols theory of loose parts argues that creativity is not for the gifted, he believes that it is our education and cultural conditions that lead us to believe this . He said that ‘in any environment, both the degree of inventiveness and creativity and the possibility of discovery are directly proportional to the number of loose parts and kind of variables in it. ’ You do not have to be a gifted musician to make music, the children and young people at my setting often make there own musi c, with pots, pans and trays or even banging small sticks on surface areas. Play preferences. Preference for outdoor play. Child A plays mostly outdoors as he believes it is more fun, and loves to investigate the surroundings. The choice of indoor play is often related to the weather, child A only plays inside when its cold or raining. It is only in severe weather conditions children have to stay in doors as in our setting we believe the children can learn and develop much more outside even when the weather is poor. Play preferences are the child’s own choices ; the freedom ; opportunities to be able to make those choices by enabling varied resources that are always accessible to encourage development.Different play types 10 examples Symbolic play: Play which allows control, gradual exploration and increased understanding, without the risk of being out of ones depths. In our setting I observed a child making a doll feed another doll. Rough and tumble play: Close encounter play which is less to do with fighting and more to do with touching, tickling, gauging relative strength, discovering physical flexibility and the exhilarations of display. For example, a lot of the boys at my setting like to play fight, I feel this is natural so I set there boundaries and just facilitate until the risks go to ar. Socio-dramatic play: The enactment of real and potential experiences of an intense personal nature. For example child may pretend to take care of their baby doll as this is what they see there parents do with younger siblings, through pretend play, a child can experience and learn what it may mean to love and care for someone else. Social play: Play during with the rules and criteria for social engagement and interaction can be revealed, explored and amended.Looking through my reflective diary a good example for social play would be when two children at my setting were setting up a ‘pretend’ shop selling toys and books to other children the ‘customers’ . Creative play: Play which allows a new response, the transformation awareness of new connections with an element of surprise. Creative play can be many things, not just arts crafts. I observed a child building Lego brinks, when he had finished he told me it was the Eiffel tower in France, I think is a lovely example of creative play as I thought the tower could have been anything but he new exactly what and where it was.Communication play: Play using words, nuances of gestures. For example joke telling, story telling, play acting, singing. Role play: Play which dramatises events in which the child is not a direct participator. In reflective practice I saw a child sitting in a box using an imaginary steering wheel ,he told me he was â€Å"driving to spaceâ€Å". Role play doesn’t even have to have props it can be completely imaginative with or without play equipment. Exploration play: Play to access factual information consisting of manipulative behaviours such as handling, throwing, banging, or mouthing objects.For example playing with, sand, bricks, water clay, play dough. Dramatic play: Play which rearranges the world in the child’s way, a way in which is unlikely to occur. At the moment every day at tidy up time the children ask if they can play factor, most of the children love to be one of the contestants, they all make me and other staff be judges, but there is always one particular child who wants to be Dermot O’Leary the TV show presenter. Fantasy play: Play where the conventional rules, which govern the physical world, do not apply.For a good example I read in one of my reflective diary a couple of months ago a child asked me for a role of tin foil I, asked him what for, he replied I want to be an astronaut, I gave him the role of tin foil and he spent the whole session making his costume. When his dad came to collect him , he put the costume on and was running around so proud of what he had made. How you encourage risk and challenge, its importance and the awareness of balancing health and safety, give examples of risks within 5 of your different play types.Refer to risk and challenge sheet 310. 3. Observation and reflection, how you do this and its importance. Part of a play workers role is to observe all children on a daily basis, This observation involves the gathering of information about a particular child behaviour and their stage of development. Reflections is the process of thinking about and critically analyzing your actions with the intention of changing and continually improving our working environment.It is vital that these observations and reflections are done in order to understand and meet each child’s individual needs, and to identify which areas of development a child is particularly good at. Frequent observations also help me to under stand a child’s behaviour and what provokes the child’s bad behaviour. Observations also help to plan for future sessions, as it gives the play worker an idea of what the child is interested in, or good at. E. g. t my setting child 2 was enjoying playing snakes and ladders, the child was keen to show their counting skills, so for the next session we developed on this with a game of frustration. The effectiveness of reflective practice I feel can only make me a stronger play worker and my setting a more supportive environment. As a play worker in my setting I understand that reflective practice is important as this is how we can improve things in our setting and also improve on a personal level to be consistent in giving the best care to all those who use my setting. Reflective practise is increasingly used as a way of improving services to children and their families. Reflective practice is like taking a mirror to what you and your setting are doing and considering how effective it is. This process is great not only to children and their families but also for me as a play worker personally. As a result of reflecting on your practice, play workers might decide to adapt a routine, activity or even approach towards an individual child.Reflecting on my practise could also result in me attending further training or doing additional courses. The setting should be providing a safe environment for all and being supportive of each individual child who attend and their family. When reflecting on practise it is worth while to stand back a little and notice what is being done in the setting to create the safe and supportive environment. By looking at all areas in which we care for children and reflecting on practice we are always improving on how we make the setting a safe environment for all who use it.To be effective in my practise is being willing to learn, I feel that by understanding the importance of a safe and supportive environment for children there is room for improvement, by continuing and not being complacent in my caring for each individual child. I must always be flexible in my working practise. Your impact on play and when it is/is not appropriate to intervene This links into freely chosen play and why it is not acceptable to intervene unless necessary during play. Play workers should know when and when it is not acceptable to intervene, for instants if a child is struggling or upset r a risk is to high then a play workers should stop being the facilitator and intervene. In most play scenes children will self directly choose how to carry on, end or change play. In our setting when it is tea time we have a system called 5 minutes, all children are aware of what this is. It is the process that we use so children can end play how they like and not have an adult intervene and annihilate play. A play worker intervening can sometimes put children off what they are doing and some times can bring positive to there play.In my setting I was observing a boy who was playing with the car mat and garage he was quite content and concentrating on his own play, I notice he was struggling to fit all his cars on one matt, so I got the other matt out of the cupboard and just gently walked past and placed it on the floor beside him then carried on walking. From the other side of the room I could see he was now much more happier as he could use more cars, I thought this was a good intervention style as I did not ruin play but intervening made him achieve a better outcome.

Journalism Enterprise Story free essay sample

Northeastern students boast myriad opportunities from Co-pop yet still face a significant dilemma: changing their personal appearance to secure these desired lobs. Students with alternative appearances experience pressure from the corporate world to conform to their business appropriate standards. No matter what, theyre going to form opinions, said Co-pop assistant Margaret Grimes about businessmen looking for prospective employees. A simple look across campus blatantly reveals the polarity between student and corporate style.Students wearing aroma suits pass their peers dressed in more casual outfits, old band t-shirts and sweatpants. The amount of compromise, however, defers greatly among majors. Students majoring in creative or art based studies often experience a more lax approach to Co-pop when compared to their Business majors counterparts. Business school co-pop advisors insist that students maintain a professional appearance. Interviewers scrutinize every minute detail during the application process, piercing and hair style Included. Grimes sees great value In cooperating with corporate demands for conservative attire. We will write a custom essay sample on Journalism Enterprise Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Interview process there Is no compromise. You put your best self forward, said Grimes. Her students Co-pop success In Fortune 500 companies reinforces Grimes strict philosophy. She therefore continues to emphasize cooperation and conservatism to her students. Still, some students choose to disregard her advice. Predictably, these business majors do not meet companys professional standards and are overlooked. Happen occasionally. Not all the time but I have seen it happen, said Grimes. The advisor laid out her expectations for physical appearance during Co-pop interviews. Men and women must wear formal shoes, shirts and pants.Ties are never optional, said Grimes. Her standards might seem rigid to some however Grimes Justifies their Importance after hearing success stories from her students. Completely forgoing ones personal style Is not permanent. After securing the Job and wearing formal attire for several weeks, a student can then begin to experiment with Incorporating their personal style In an office setting, says Grimes. Gradually have to find who you are in a company. Thats just a hard and fast rule, said Grimes. Northeastern student Media Loose struggled with meeting a Meanys standards in her Co-pop last year at a non-profit in New York City.Louses Co-pop advisers informed her of the guidelines for her interview. They definitely said I should wear the general business palette, said Loose. The student, an Occupy Northeastern protester, prefers a more casual approach to dressing. Around campus Loose wears Jeans, sweatshirts and alternative Jewelry. Many would not consider her appearance controversial, however conservative businesspeople would definitely feel uncomfortable with her outgoing fashion risks. l compromised a lot, said Loose on changing her appearance to get the corporate bob. Loose eventually found her Identity and personal style within the workplace.Despite Initially conforming to secure the Job Loose left her Co-pop with a positive experience. Other Northeastern students are not as restricted during the Co-pop embodies the stereotype of alternative appearance. He proudly shows Off full sleeve of tattoos on one arm and more on his forearm, chest and back. Briggs constantly encounters animosity in public because of his controversial appearance. Im from a small town in New Hampshire. When I go home people the whole time are Just looking at me, said Briggs. And this discrimination continues even at Northeastern. l did a study abroad in Trinidad.Out of everybody in the group, I was the one kid chosen to get screened at the airport, said Briggs. Despite this scrutiny, Briggs can count on one surprising place to find acceptance: his Co-pop. Ere only thing he did differently during the interview process was trade in his Jeans for a pair of dress pants, said Briggs. Further, alternative appearances were not only acceptable but encouraged. During his Co-pop with a music production company last year Briggs saw tattoos and facial piercing on a regular basis. The guy who runs the department I was working in has two full sleeves, said Briggs.Music Industry majors often sport facial piercing, tattoos, and alternative clothing styles. These attributes, however, rarely present problems during an interview, as evidenced in Briggs officemates. Craig Bettings, Music Industry Co-pop adviser, acknowledges the different challenges his students face when applying for Jobs. In music business Im not as concerned with tattoos and hair styles. The industry is much more open, said Bettings. Each industry, however, presents its own quirks for the interview process. Dressing formally could even hurt a students chances in an interview with a music business company. L have talked to companies that said a student wore a suit and that threw them off, said Bettings. The baseline for interviews is to know the industry, said Bettings. An integral part of interviewing for Co-pop is finding the balance between personal style and respecting a companys standards. And understanding the industry is vital. Creative based industries encourage personal expression even in the workplace. These students rarely need to compromise their ideals or personal appearance for a Job opportunity. Many believe this approach supports a healthier lifestyle for Northeastern students.

Imperialism- More Problems Than Benefits Essays

Imperialism- More Problems Than Benefits Essays Imperialism- More Problems Than Benefits Essay Imperialism- More Problems Than Benefits Essay Imperialism resulted in more problems than benefits In cases throughout the beginning of the 20th century, Imperialism has proven to result in dominantly more problems than benefits. Imperialism essentially describes the acquisition, administration and exploitation of an area of land and its youthful resources for the benefit of the power/s that control it. Usually the dominance of powerful empires using other countries for their productions ended in disaster and death.They tried to benefit from the gains of imperialism, taking over a country or territory with the intent of dominating the economic, political and social life of the people in the nation. Throughout the age of Imperialism; 1850-1914, the superior powers (empires) used the act of Imperialism to justify their motives. The causes of this were numbered, starting with the industrial revolution; that called for a need for resources to fuel industrial production in Europe and the United States. The resources would have had to come from Africa and Asia as their colonies were seen as barbaric and easily overtaken.There was economic competition between the European nations, for new markets to sell their goods. There was also a strong need for European nations to add colonies to their empires as a measure of national greatness. There was particularly an increase in racism, as the superior powers were more technologically advanced and believed that their race’ was superior to others, fuelling the rise in racism. The many Europeans and Americans felt they had the right dominate the several people and colonies of Asia and Africa.Following the path of Social Darwinism; the idea that those who were fittest for survival and success were superior to others and because of this, Europeans felt they had the right and duty to bring progress to other nations and to Christianise their people, civilising them and westernising’ them. Although through all the dominance of the early 20th century, there were some benefits to Imperialism. The local warfare in the imperialised colonies was reduced; there was an improvement in sanitation and a production of hospitals that led to increased lifespan.New schools also led to an increase in literacy and an overall picture of economic growth. Local government officials were used and there was a goal to develop future leaders and government institutions that were based on European styles with local rules. Despite the new prosperity of all the new facilities, the problems of Imperialism showed to outweigh the benefits significantly. There was a loss homeland and independence and cultural recognition, men were forced to work in European owned mines and farms and there was distain for traditional culture and admiration of the European culture which led to identity problems throughout.Europeans started to divide up Africa with artificial boundaries and separated kinship groups and united rivals. There was a direct control from the Europeans over the local colonies, foreign officials were brought in to rule over them, and there was no self-ruling. The goal’ was assimilation; where the minority group adopts the customs of the prevailing culture. The government institutions were only based on European styles and people governed in a fatherly way where their needs were provided for but they weren’t given any rights.As it’s shown, the problems of Imperialism were much more evident than the benefits as it often resulted in disaster and death of another culture and its people. An example of Imperialism that showed nothing but death and disaster is the Belgium Congo and the rubber trade that King Leopold of Belgium tried to gain profit of. Although Ivory was the first crop from the Congo, the invention of the tyre by the Dunlop Rubber Company in 1890 led to forming the foundation of the horrific exploitation of the people in the Congo.The invention set of a bicycling craze which coincided with the motor car invention in Europe and prompted an Imperialistic act upon the rubber trees found in the Congo as the raw material was needed more than ever and factories couldn’t get enough of it. When King Leopold overpowered the Congo, in need for the rubber trade, workers of the inferior colonies were set to go through forests, having often to climb trees to get to the vines which had to be slit for the rubber sap to bleed. The gatherers had to dry the sa p/syrup so it coagulated and it formed a rubber.The process was done by the workers having to spread the rubber onto their bodies, despite it being very painful when the rubber was pulled off. The men had to walk over 30 kilometres carrying heavy baskets of rubber on their heads, of which was then weighed by European agents at their houses. The working men weren’t even paid in money or supplies, only by cloth, beads or salt. A horrific price to pay for rubber, if there was any suggestion of resistance by the Congolese they were treated with force and severity.The policy of cutting off hands and feet were used, as punishment and nor woman nor children were spared. Often if the men refused anything, their children would have their hand cut off. These also prompted diseases brought from the Europeans, including the foreign case of smallpox. The human cost of the Belgium Congo was overwhelming, within the 40 years of his occupation there, King Leopold II killed approximately 10 0 00 000 Congolese, more than the Jewish holocaust in World War II.Imperialism, was evidently the source of many deaths in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and resulted in the destruction of many cultural lands and practices, prompting grief and severe suffrage among colonies. Through fear and power, the dominance of empires brought only destruction through Imperialism. The problems that were caused, were too much to solve, they overshone the benefits and proved that Imperialism caused more problems than benefits.

Virginia During the Civil War

Virginia During the Civil War The Confederate States of America (CSA) was founded in February 1861. The actual Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Just five days later,  Virginia became the eighth state to secede from the Union.   The decision to secede was anything but unanimous and resulted in the formation of West Virginia on November 26, 1861. This new border state did not secede from the Union.  West Virginia is the sole state that was formed by seceding from a Confederate state. Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution provides that a new state cannot be formed within a state without that state’s consent. However, with Virginias secession this was not enforced. Virginia had the largest population in the South and its  storied history played an enormous role in the founding of the U.S. It was the  birthplace and home of Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.  In May 1861, Richmond, Virginia became the capital city of the CSA because it had the natural resources that Confederate government so badly needed to effectively wage a war against the Union.  Although the city of Richmond is situated only a mere 100 miles from the U.S. capital in Washington, D.C., it  was a large industrial city. Richmond was also the home to Tredegar Iron Works, one of the largest foundries in U.S. prior to the onset of the Civil War.  During the war, Tredegar produced over 1000 canons for the Confederacy as well as armor plating for warships.  In addition to this, Richmond’s industry produced a number of different war materials such as ammunition, guns and swords as well as supplied uniforms, tents and leather goods to the Confederat e Army. Battles in Virginia The majority of the battles in the Civil War’s Eastern Theater took place in Virginia, mainly due to the need to protect Richmond from being captured by Union forces. These battles include the Battle of Bull Run, which is also known as the First Manassas. This  was the first major battle of the Civil War fought on July 21, 1861 and also a major Confederate victory. On August 28, 1862, the Second Battle of Bull Run began. It lasted for three days with over a combined 100,000 soldiers on the battlefield.   This battle also ended with a Confederate victory. Hampton Roads, Virginia was also the site of the first naval battle between ironclad warships. The USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia fought to a draw in March 1862.  Other major land battles that occurred in Virginia include Shenandoah Valley, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. On April 3, 1865, the Confederate forces and government evacuated their capital at Richmond and troops were ordered to burn all of the industrial warehouses and businesses that would be of any value to Union forces. Tredegar Irons Works was one of a few businesses that survived the burning of Richmond, because its  owner had it protected through the use of armed guards.  The advancing Union Army began to quickly extinguish the fires, saving most of the residential areas from destruction. The business district didn’t fare as well with some estimating at least twenty-five percent of the businesses suffering a total loss.  Unlike General Sherman’s destruction of the South during his March to the Sea,  it was the Confederates themselves who destroyed the city of Richmond. On April 9, 1865, the Battle of Appomattox Court House proved to be the last significant battle of the Civil Was as well as the final battle for General Robert E. Lee. He would officially surrender there to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on  April 12, 1865.   The war in Virginia was finally over.

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY Essay

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY - Essay Example This article aimed at investigating the history and tendency of PTSD after traumatic injury. The research stated null hypothesis as: Ho= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic  brain injury would suffer the symptoms of trauma† where as the alternative hypothesis stated: Ha= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic brain injury would not suffer from the symptoms of trauma†. Traumatic injury is taken as independent variable whereas post traumatic disorder is studied as dependent variable. Sampling procedure employed to gather data is probability sampling in which structured interview of the patients suffering form traumatic disorder were conducted. A sample of 96  patients was included in the study. The mean value  for posttraumatic amnesia was 36.97 days (SD=30.65) as established by use of â€Å"Westmead Posttraumatic Amnesia Scale†. The mean â€Å"Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)†Ã‚  score  was 8.00 (SD=3.78). Mean posttraumatic amnesia and GCS  scores indicated that the average level of traumatic brain injury  was very severe. The 96 patients who participated in the 6-month assessment had (mean=8.00,  SD=3.78) (t=2.96, df=124, p

Patients with Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders Undergoing Surgery Article

Patients with Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders Undergoing Surgery - Article Example It was not a life-saving technique. DNR orders are interventions which are meant to extend the life of the patient; these are not interventions which are meant to lend her comfort from her symptoms (Blankenship, 2008). The patient’s words also indicate that she is allowing other interventions which are meant to save her life. At this point, the DNR is revoked (Schwab and Gelfman, 2005). The daughter cannot expect the DNR order or the living will be applied anymore because the patient herself is still mentally competent enough to revoke it. The daughter is also not the legally authorized proxy who can make the decisions for the patient. Proxies are usually assigned where patients are unconscious or mentally incapacitated to make sound decisions about their health (Schwab and Gelfman, 2005). In this case, the patient is conscious and is able to express her wishes coherently, logically, and with a sound mind. The patient has the right to authorize a DNR order and also to revoke it. Under these conditions, such right cannot be transferred to the family members, in this case, her daughter. The nurse must, therefore, follow the patient’s orders (Newkirk, 2009). The nurse and the physician must also honor the patient’s right to self-determination by upholding the DNR order unless and until the patient revokes it. The patient still has the proper faculties to make decisions regarding her care. Nevertheless, it is still part of the nurse’s duty to clarify the patient’s request, discussing what she wants to be done and mentioning if she means to revoke her previous DNR orders (Newkirk, 2009). Whatever measures which the patient has chosen must then be respected and implemented. Under acute conditions, other health professionals would be in the room to assist in the patient’s care and they can also support the fact that the patient has revoked her previous DNR o rder.  

Selection and organization of content Essay Example for Free

Selection and organization of content Essay Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives One of the most widely used ways of organizing levels of expertise is according to Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. (Bloom et al., 1994; Gronlund, 1991; Krathwohl et al., 1956.) Blooms Taxonomy (Tables 1-3) uses a multi-tiered scale to express the level of expertise required to achieve each measurable student outcome. Organizing measurable student outcomes in this way will allow us to select appropriate classroom assessment techniques for the course. There are three taxonomies. Which of the three to use for a given measurable student outcome depends upon the original goal to which the measurable student outcome is connected. There are knowledge-based goals, skills-based goals, and affective goals (affective: values, attitudes, and interests); accordingly, there is a taxonomy for each. Within each taxonomy, levels of expertise are listed in order of increasing complexity. Measurable student outcomes that require the higher levels of expertise will require more sophisticated classroom assessment techniques. The course goal in Figure 2student understands proper dental hygieneis an example of a knowledge-based goal. It is  knowledge-based because it requires that the student learn certain facts and concepts. An example of a skills-based goal for this course might be student flosses teeth properly. This is a skills-based goal because it requires that the student learn how to do something. Finally, an affective goal for this course might be student cares about proper oral hygiene. This is an affective goal because it requires that the students values, attitudes, or interests be affected by the course. LEVEL OF EXPERTISEDESCRIPTION OF LEVELEXAMPLE OF MEASURABLE STUDENT OUTCOME Table 1: Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for Knowledge-Based Goals 1. KnowledgeRecall, or recognition of terms, ideas, procedure, theories, etc.When is the first day of Spring? 2. ComprehensionTranslate, interpret, extrapolate, but not see full implications or transfer to other situations, closer to literal translation.What does the summer solstice represent? 3. ApplicationApply abstractions, general principles, or methods to specific concrete situations.What would Earths seasons be like if its orbit was perfectly circular? 4. AnalysisSeparation of a complex idea into its constituent parts and an understanding of organization and relationship between the parts. Includes realizing the distinction between hypothesis and fact as well as between relevant and extraneous variables.Why are seasons reversed in the southern hemisphere? 5. SynthesisCreative, mental construction of ideas and concepts from multiple sources to form complex ideas into a new, integrated, and meaningful pattern subject to given constraints.If the longest day of the year is in June, why is the northern hemisphere hottest in August? 6. EvaluationTo make a judgment of ideas or methods using external evidence or self-selected criteria substantiated by observations or informed rationalizations.What would be the important variables for predicting seasons on a newly discovered planet? LEVEL OF EXPERTISEDESCRIPTION OF LEVELEXAMPLE OF MEASURABLE STUDENT OUTCOME Table 2: Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for Skills-Based Goals PerceptionUses sensory cues to guide actionsSome of the colored samples you see will need dilution before you take their spectra. Using only observation, how will you decide which solutions might need to be diluted? SetDemonstrates a readiness to take action to perform the task or  objective Describe how you would go about taking the absorbance spectra of a sample of pigments? Guided ResponseKnows steps required to complete the task or objectiveDetermine the density of a group of sample metals with regular and irregular shapes. MechanismPerforms task or objective in a somewhat confident, proficient, and habitual mannerUsing the procedure described below, determine the quantity of copper in your unknown ore. Report its mean value and standard deviation. Complex Overt ResponsePerforms task or objective in a confident, proficient, and habitual mannerUse titration to determine the Ka for an unknown weak acid. AdaptationPerforms task or objective as above, but can also modify actions to account for new or problematic situations You are performing titrations on a series of unknown acids and find a variety of problems with the resulting curves, e.g., only 3.0 ml of base is required for one acid while 75.0 ml is required in another. What can you do to get valid data for all the unknown acids? Organization Creates new tasks or objectives incorporating learned onesRecall your plating and etching experiences with an aluminum substrate. Choose a different metal substrate and design a process to plate, mask, and etch so that a pattern of 4 different metals is created. LEVEL OF EXPERTISEDESCRIPTION OF LEVELEXAMPLE OF MEASURABLE STUDENT OUTCOME Table 3: Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for Affective Goals ReceivingDemonstrates a willingness to participate in the activityWhen Im in class I am attentive to the instructor, take notes, etc. I do not read the newspaper instead. RespondingShows interest in the objects, phenomena, or activity by seeking it out or pursuing it for pleasureI complete my homework and participate in class discussions. ValuingInternalizes an appreciation for (values) the objectives, phenomena, or activityI seek out information in popular media related to my class. OrganizationBegins to compare different values, and resolves conflicts between them to form an internally consistent system of valuesSome of the ideas Ive learned in my class differ from my previous beliefs. How do I resolve this? Characterization by a Value or Value ComplexAdopts a long-term value system that is pervasive, consistent, and predictableIve decided to take my family on a vacation to visit some of the places I learned abo ut in my  class. To determine the level of expertise required for each measurable student outcome, first decide which of these three broad categories (knowledge-based, skills-based, and affective) the corresponding course goal belongs to. Then, using the appropriate Blooms Taxonomy, look over the descriptions of the various levels of expertise. Determine which description most closely matches that measurable student outcome. As can be seen from the examples given in the three Tables, there are different ways of representing measurable student outcomes, e.g., as statements about students (Figure 2), as questions to be asked of students (Tables 1 and 2), or as statements from the students perspective (Table 3). You may find additional ways of representing measurable student outcomes; those listed in Figure 2 and in Tables 1-3 are just examples. Blooms Taxonomy is a convenient way to describe the degree to which we want our students to understand and use concepts, to demonstrate particular skills, and t o have their values, attitudes, and interests affected. It is critical that we determine the levels of student expertise that we are expecting our students to achieve because this will determine which classroom assessment techniques are most appropriate for the course. Though the most common form of classroom assessment used in introductory college coursesmultiple choice testsmight be quite adequate for assessing knowledge and comprehension (levels 1 and 2, Table 1), this type of assessment often falls short when we want to assess our students knowledge at the higher levels of synthesis and evaluation (levels 5 and 6).4 Multiple-choice tests also rarely provide information about achievement of skills-based goals. Similarly, traditional course evaluations, a technique commonly used for affective assessment, do not generally provide useful information about changes in student values, attitudes, and interests. Thus, commonly used assessment techniques, while perhaps providing a means for assigning grades, often do not provide us (or our students) with useful feedback for determining whether students are attaining our course goals. Usually, this is due to a combination of not having formalized goals to begin with, not having translated those goals into outcomes that are measurable, and not using assessment techniques capable of measuring expected student outcomes given the levels of expertise required to achieve them. Using the CIA model of course development, we can ensure that our curriculum, instructional methods, and classroom assessment  techniques are properly aligned with course goals. Note that Blooms Taxonomy need not be applied exclusively after course goals have been defined. Indeed, Blooms Taxonomy and the words associated with its different categories can help in the goals-defining process itself. Thus, Blooms Taxonomy can be used in an iterative fashion to first state and then refine course goals. Blooms Taxonomy can finally be used to identify which classroom assessment techniques are most appropriate for measuring these goals. Attachment: Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives [PDF, 67 KB] Website: Field-tested Learning Assessment Guide (FLAG): Assessment Primer.

Jake - Original Essay -- Papers

Jake - Original Essay I pushed off onto the ice; whoosh! I felt alive. I looked around at children laughing and falling, young lovers skating round and round, hand in hand. I turned to see Jake gliding toward me, a look of boyish glee on his face. I smiled and took his out-stretched, gloved hand in mine. We lapped the frozen lake together in synchrony, talking, laughing and generally showing off, when Jake decided to show me, and everyone else on the opaque ice, what he was made of. He sped off, jumping and twisting like half of Torville and Dean, receiving many admiring glances as he landed, sure-footed, back on the ice. "Bet you can't beat that!" he laughed across to me, his heavy breathe coming out cloudy in front of him. I couldn't ignore a challenge like that. I flew across the ice as though I had sprouted wings, oblivious to the cheers and shouts around me. I jumped, twisted, pirouetted and twirled elegantly, breathing in the sweet, pine-scented air. Torville was always the better half of the skating partnership. I skated back toward Jake, a triumphant smile flitting across my face. All at once the ice gave way beneath me; I didn't even have time to scream before a chasm opened up, swallowed me whole and the freezing water surrounded me. A memory flashed; this had happened before. I was only six then but the same fear I had then burned through my mind and numbed my body. I pushed upward, but my sodden clothes pulled me under; down, down. I tried to kick the heavy boots off my numb feet and pushed one last time. My outstretched fingers hit solid ice. I clawed and desperately clutched at the ice trying to find the... ...e drugs out of my stomach. Mum crying again and angry at me for so selfishly wanting to waste my life in this way. Not that I cared then, but that was then and this is now. Waking up in the hospital once again, I felt the weight of depression that had pulled me down, like my clothes and boots under the ice, had lifted from me. I knew nothing would ever replace Jake and that my life would never truly be whole without him in it but somehow, some way after two close encounters with death I had seen a light and realised that life was a precious gift not to be wasted. It was different leaving the hospital with mum this time, knowing I was going home to start afresh. This time, instead of calling Jake, I went to say goodbye carefully putting all the things he had given to me in the box before sliding it under my bed.

Marketing a New Product Internationally Essay

Marketing is the field which deals with market. By defining the meaning, market is a place where people gathered and contact with one another, build relationship between two, in broad terms after the globalization world become a village and in this global business era marketing is the system of globalized promotional activities of a business which take place to achieve the organizational and financial goals The circle of marketing revolved around the market demands, product development, and reasonable proportion which can learned to instigate a market research that clarify the needs and demands of customer. Although focal process for a product promotion is market research, relying on that a producer can easily plan and develop his product well crafted, innovated, according to the socioeconomic factors, reflect the social and cultural ethics and will meet the consumer demands. Target Market and Product Information: Defining marketing on macro-level; the macro-level marketing is extremely challenging for an organization to market their product â€Å"Unique TV† internationally even branded by Philips, especially in Indian market which is a multi-cultural society have many social and religious boundaries, but economically emergent country and have great potential and competition in electronic media which create a huge space for television industry as well as competition. Marketing of a television product that is extraordinary and modern with built-in fingerprint scanner, and an innovative crafts of modern technology, the exceptional fingerprint technology allow users to customize the individuals settings, for instance when a person turns the TV on via their fingerprint the individual can set his own customized profile which contains his favourite channels, recordings etc. It is also ideal for parental control, parents can set the TV to only display the channels they choose for their Childs individual fingerprint as well as the time they allow their child to watch TV. But the perceived quality, emotional constructs, and a particular justification of the purchase can only impact the customer’s decision to purchase a brand. Target Market, Society and Culture: Before the satellite and cable network Indian had only one state owned channel broadcast, but after the influx of satellite and cable network a huge expansion in the electronic media industry has been witnessed, as well as great competition established in the television products. By determining broadly the rapid growth of Indian television industry since inception to expansion the social practices, including politics and democracy, sport and identity formation, cinema and popular culture has influenced on the daily lives of Indians. Today the electronic media cater immense involvement in the social and cultural lives of Indians, as well as India become a very potential market for the innovative and modern television products. Local Economic Development: India has traditional economy largely based on village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, modern industries, and a massive amount of services. The emerging sector of Indian economy is service sector which has expended remarkably in last decade. But a large force of human resource has attached with the agricultural economic activities, this sector retains the backbone of the Indian economy. Foreign direct investment is increasing especially in the telecommunication and information technology sector, but the privatization of government owned industries and entities is still debateable in the government avenues. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India achieved 8. 5% GDP growth in 2006, and again in 2007, significantly expanding production of manufactures. Software industry is the emergent sector of Indian economy; government is capitalizing on the human resource especially English literacy for a competent force to raise the exports of software products and services to western world. This economic growth facilitates India to reduce the fiscal deficit, but the boom in speculative real state business and increased interest rates have influenced the inflation in 2006 to 2007. But a huge problem facing by India is growing population. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008) Regional Economic Development: Asian economy comprises on the 4 billion people living in 46 different states (60% of the world population). Asia is largest continent of the world and six fourth stats of the world lie in Asia with world’s second largest economy China. The wealth and economic activities of Asia are distributed in different states of Asia as others; which is because of its large size and multiple state’s differing cultures, environments, historical ties and government systems. In term of nominal GDP the large economies in Asia are Japan, China, India, and South Korea. By measuring the economically Asia pertains China, the second larges economy in the world by nominal GDP, to Cambodia one of the poorest. The GDP of china in term of purchasing power parity to be the largest economy in Asia and the second largest economy in the world, followed by Japan and India as the world’s third and fourth largest economies respectively. Market Competition: As Indian retains the third largest economy of the world, and massive social and cultural influence on the television industry generates enormous competition in the television industry. India now producing diversity of television products locally, as well as international products is also there. With these competitive forces it is very hard for a new product to attract the audience, but not as much hard for a product with some extra ordinary and exceptional features, to mesmerize and accomplish the needs of the users. As compare with the other products the new and innovative product â€Å"Unique TV† can make a difference, because of its fingerprint scanner which can help the user to control and customize the profile of every individual. After the creation and deep study of international and regional scenario the producer and marketer follows second challenge to market the product with new scientific methodologies, which can effectively get the quick and excellent response of the customer. Brand Marketing: There are enumerated factors that affect the buying intentions of customers as quality of services, equity, perceived value, satisfaction, past loyalty, perceived cost of changing supplier and brand perception. Most of them variables are inter-related and they impinge upon customer purchase behaviour cumulatively. High quality products can be created without input from marketing. However, in practice, it has been established that products that make market success received market or customer research support. There are several determinants that contribute to the success of a brand. The ideas of brand marketing lead to the recognition of the research as being based on consumer perception. This leads to the question if different ethnic backgrounds impact the consumer perception of the brand strategies. Marketing Methodologies: Questionnaire Survey:- The survey questionnaire was chosen for its cost effectiveness. The telephone questionnaire allows for a sample population to be easily reached with responses documented and easily dissected using data entry and statistical analyzing methods. Because of their widespread use, questionnaires are non-confrontational to the sample population and do not force opinions or options, allowing for accurate and viable responses to be gathered with little bias or influence from the researchers or complicated research equipment. The questionnaire development will take into consideration possible defects in the question distribution and has made all attempts to use common language and word organisation that is not technical or industry based with the hopes to remove the larger concerns in relation to comprehension and cognition. However, it is important to note that in any research methodology that is dealing with human responses to qualitative or quantitative questions remains the possibility of language bias. Advertisement:- Advertising is any paid form of no personal presentation of ideas, products, or services by an identified sponsor. Most advertising media are mass media: e. g. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards, etc. Thus rather than transmitting messages to one buyer, most ads communicate to thousands or even millions of buyers: this makes each contact for less expensive than personal sales presentation. Sales Promotion:- Like personal selling and advertising, sales promotion stimulates consumer buying and middlemen’s effectiveness, but with a wide variety of means. Sales promotion tactics are expected to supplement salespeople and advertising to make them more effective. Retail store window displays, product sampling, premium offers, and coupons are all examples of sales promotion. In contrast personal selling and advertising, many sales promotions are non-continuing, such as exhibits at fairs or contests. Manufacturers and retailers have substantial control over their sales promotions. Publicity:- In contrast to â€Å"Advertisement†, â€Å"Publicity† may be defined as any â€Å"Unpaid† form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods or services. Personal selling advertising and sales promotional are all direct forms of promotion, whereas publicity is indirect: a firm cannot just go out and buy it. Publicity has been defined as non-personal stimulation of demand for a product, service, or business firm by planting commercially significant news about it in communications media. Some publicity about companies and brands is of course not solicited by sellers: indeed, it may even be negative. Conclusion: In brief we have reached on the conclusion that the most important activity in the business and to promote a brand is marketing. From above literature, it can be stated that marketing in general is based on the consumer’s perception of the brand, regional and local economical factor, social and cultural manners and the methodologies applied to market the product. The perceived quality, emotional constructs, and justification of the purchase impact the customer’s decision to purchase a brand. This research demonstrates that market research cater foci point of marketing strategy, then identifying the organizational and product’s potentials for the effective product understanding, the marketing consultant and organization should analyze the product strengths and weaknesses to cover it with appropriation. To determine the supply and demand identify the main competitors, and craft a good and competitive piece of product which can compete according to the economical and technological factors prevailed in the market. Then the identification of distribution options is to be the major decision to market the product, a great establishment of distribution channels will pertains a great proportion in successful marketing of a product. Marketing and advertisement campaigns play pivotal role in the success of any product. However, a significant amount of money, time and resources have to place behind marketing to the ethnic (or minority) â€Å"masses† and that was many years on the making when an organization advocated for that initiative, that too was looked upon as radical. Coming off the heels of that accomplishment, painting the picture of a viable affluent ethnic consumer might be easier. Ultimately, relevant, comprehensive and actionable insight will lead to informed business decisions and the implementation of marketing best practices. If the world has changed so must a brands attitude and actions towards marketing to new target audiences.

Rasurel Case Study

Then Erasure started to sell swimwear during the second half of the 20th century. In 1966, Legacy (lingerie brand) bought Erasure and transformed It in Its swimwear Dillon. Erasures business has ever since remained focused on swimwear products. During the sass and sass, Erasure positioned itself as a fashion and trend-setting brand. The new management team appointed In the mid sass had a bad Impact on Erasure's business : the lack of Innovation and a poor International strategy led to decreasing market shares and set up the switch in the perception of the brand.In the mid sass's, Warrant group (US) bought Legacy and Erasure (who were in a bad position at hat time but once more the new management team (especially the designers) didn't follow the right strategy : they gave Erasure a sporty style, thereby worsening the switch in the perception of the brand. So, what happened in 15 years ? The lack of innovation and creativity, the inability to update designs made Erasure switch from a f ashion and trendy brand in the sass to a mature woman brand at the beginning of the 21 SST century.Erasure conducted marketing research that confirmed the new perception of the brand : old-fashioned, lack of vibrancy, and matronly. The more surprising is the fact that some key factors of success of Erasure are still there with customers perceiving the brand as being reliable, of high quality, and comfort. So, It's not only a problem of perception for the brand. What else can be the source of Erasure's decline ? Financial statements show that Erasure's business could operate more efficiently and profitably * despite a growth of 4% of the swimwear market, Erasure's sales decreased In 2002 so Erasure should definitely change Its marketing strategy and address the Issue of distribution channels. Without going further Into details, what an Erasure do ? Basically, there are 2 main options for the management team : reposition the brand towards the younger lingerie-like segment or reinforce its ‘OFF position In ten mature woman segment 2.I en swimwear market The French swimwear market comprised of the five segments : Catatonic, Beach Gang, Lingerie-Like, Elegant Mature Woman, Jet Set. The Catatonic segment encompassed woman who wanted one-piece swimwear for its functional use in swimming or other sports whereas the Beach Gang wanted two piece swimwear based on brightly colored surf themes: In the lingerie like segment omen wanted feminine floral pieces in modern cuts and bright colors.Elegant Mature woman well supported one pieces with elegant cuts and colors. The Jet Set woman wanted a sexy cut that emphasized the body and incorporated the current high fashions. Main Brands Based on the brand strengths and alliance with Legacy, we feel there is opportunity to enter additional segments to grow their business.

Definition and Examples of Ethos in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Ethos in Classical Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, ethos is a persuasive appeal (one of the three artistic proofs) based on the character or projected character of the speaker or writer. Also called  ethical appeal or ethical argument. According to Aristotle, the chief components of a compelling ethos are goodwill, practical wisdom, and virtue. As an adjective: ethical or ethotic. Two broad types of ethos are commonly recognized: invented ethos and situated ethos.  Crowley and Hawhee observe that rhetors can invent a character suitable to an occasion- this is  invented ethos. However, if  rhetors  are fortunate enough to enjoy a good reputation in the community, they can use it as an ethical proof- this is  situated ethos (Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004). Pronunciation EE-thos Etymology From the Greek, custom, habit, character Related Terms IdentificationImplied AuthorLogos and PathosPersonaPhilophronesisPhronesis Examples and Observations A Universal Appeal Everyone makes an appeal to ethos if only an ethos of choosing never to stoop to such matters as ethos. No speech with intent is non-rhetorical.  Rhetoric is  not everything, but it is everywhere in  the speech of human  arguers. (Donald N. McCloskey, How to Do a Rhetorical Analysis, and Why. New Directions in Economic Methodology, ed. by Roger Backhouse. Routledge, 1994) Projected Characters Im not a doctor, but I play one on TV. (1960s TV commercial for Excedrin)I made my mistakes, but in all of my years of public life, I have never profited, never profited from public service- I earned every cent. And in all of my years of public life, I have never obstructed justice. And I think, too, that I could say that in my years of public life, that I welcome this kind of examination  because people have got to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I am not a crook. I have earned everything I have got. (President Richard Nixon, news conference in Orlando, Florida, November 17, 1973)It was a highly inconvenient thing for them in our debates that I was just a country boy from Arkansas and I came from a place where people still thought two and two was four. (Bill Clinton, speech at the Democratic National Convention, 2012)If, in my low moments, in word, deed or attitude, through some error of temper, taste, or tone, I have caused anyone discomfort, created pain, o r revived someones fears, that was not my truest self. If there were occasions when my grape turned into a raisin and my joy bell lost its resonance, please forgive me. Charge it to my head and not to my heart. My head- so limited in its finitude; my heart, which is boundless in its love for the human family. I am not a perfect servant. I am a public servant doing my best against the odds. (Jesse Jackson, Democratic National Convention Keynote Address, 1984) Contrasting Views The status of ethos in the hierarchy of rhetorical principles has fluctuated as rhetoricians in different eras have tended to define  rhetoric in terms of either idealistic aims or pragmatic skills. [For Plato] the reality of the speakers virtue is presented as a prerequisite to effective speaking. In contrast, Aristotles Rhetoric presents rhetoric as a strategic art which facilitates decisions in civil matters and accepts the appearance of goodness as sufficient to inspire conviction in hearers...The contrasting views of Cicero and Quintilian about the aims of rhetoric and the function of ethos are reminiscent of Platos and Aristotles differences of opinion about whether or not moral virtue in the speaker is intrinsic and prerequisite or selected and strategically presented. (Nan Johnson, Ethos and the Aims of Rhetoric. Essays on Classical Rhetoric and Modern Discourse, ed. by Robert J. Connors, Lisa Ede, and Andrea Lunsford. Southern Illinois University Press, 1984) Aristotle on Ethos If Aristotles study of pathos is a psychology of emotion, then his treatment of ethos amounts to a sociology of character. It is not simply a how-to guide to establishing ones credibility with an audience, but rather it is a careful study of what Athenians consider to be the qualities of a trustworthy individual. (James Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric. Allyn and Bacon, 2001)Fundamental to the Aristotelian concept of ethos is the ethical principle of voluntary choice: the speakers intelligence, character, and qualities comprehended by goodwill are evidenced through invention, style, delivery, and likewise incorporated in the arrangement of the speech. Ethos is primarily developed by Aristotle as a function of rhetorical invention; secondarily, through style and delivery. (William Sattler, Conceptions of Ethos in Ancient Rhetoric. Speech Monographs, 14, 1947) Ethical Appeals in Advertising and Branding Some types of oratory may rely more heavily on one type of proof than another. Today, for example, we note that a great deal of advertising uses ethos extensively through celebrity endorsements, but it might not use  pathos. It is  clear from Aristotles discussion in Rhetoric, however, that, overall, the three proofs work in conjunction to persuade (see Grimaldi, 1972). Moreover, it is equally clear that ethical character is the lynchpin that holds everything together. As Aristotle stated, moral character . . . constitutes the most effective means of proof (1356a). An audience is just not likely to respond positively to a speaker of bad character: His or her statement of premises will be met with skepticism; he or she will find it difficult to rouse the emotions appropriate to the situation; and the quality of the speech itself will be viewed negatively. (James Dale Williams, An Introduction to Classical Rhetoric. Wiley, 2009)On its face, personal branding as reputation managemen t shares some basic traits with the ancient Greek concept of ethos, which is commonly understood as the art of convincing ones audience that one is prudent or exercises good judgment (phronesis),  is of good moral character (arà ªte), and is acting with good will toward ones audience (eunoia). Historically, scholars of rhetoric have seen the basis of persuasion as a speakers capacity to understand and tailor ones message according to the complexities of social situations and human character. Ethos, broadly speaking, is understood as the rhetorical construction of a speakers character. (Christine Harold, Brand You!: The Business of Personal Branding and Community in Anxious Times. The Routledge Companion to Advertising and Promotional Culture, ed. by Matthew P. McAllister and Emily West. Routledge, 2013) Ethical Proof in Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal The specific details by which Swift builds up the ethical proof fall into four categories descriptive of the projector: his humanity, his self-confidence, his competence in the immediate subject of the proposal, and his reasonableness...I have said that the projector is a bit cocksure. He is also manifestly humble and modest. The proposal is a modest one. It is introduced in generally modest terms: I SHALL NOW therefore humbly propose my own thoughts ...; I do humbly offer to public consideration. . . . Swift has blended these two qualities of his projector in such a way that both are convincing and that neither quality overshadows the other. The result is a pleader whose humility is justifiably tempered by the sure knowledge that he has something to offer Ireland, to her everlasting benefit. These are the explicit indicants of the moral character of the pleader; they are reinforced and dramatized by the whole tone of the essay. (Charles A. Beaumont, Swifts Classical Rhetoric. Univer sity of Georgia Press, 1961)